Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies

acid analysis anisotropy areas atmospheric behaviour biofilm blocks bowing building building stones calcite carbonate caused cement characterized chemical climate compared composition concentrations Conservation controlled cracks crusts crystals cycles damage decay dependence deposition deterioration determined direction distribution dolomite effect elements environment et al example expansion fabric facade factors Figure formation forms Geological grain boundaries granite gypsum higher historical important impregnated increase indicate influence Intensity International Italy layer less limestone lower marble material maximum measured mechanical method microcracks minerals monuments mortars natural observed occurs organic orientation original parallel particles physical planes pollution pore porosity present processes properties quartz rain range reference relative Research residual rock salt samples sandstone SIEGESMUND stone strain strength structure substrate sulphate sulphur surface Table temperature texture thermal types values weathering zone